Online Bibliographies PERSON, SELF,
PERSONAL IDENTITY
SELF-CONSCIOUSNESS
SELF-KNOWLEDGE

Philosophy of Personal Identity: Historical and Critical Studies

Plato - Aristotle - Augustine - Aquinas -
Descartes - Locke - Spinoza - Leibniz - Butler - Berkeley -
Hume - Reid - Kant - Fichte -
Eighteenth and nineteenth centuries - Hegel - Kierkegaard - Nietzsche -
James and American Pragmatism - Husserl, phenomenology, existentialism -
Wittgenstein - Strawson - Shoemaker -
General and miscellaneous

Classic Texts


Plato

Griswold, Charles L. 1986. Self-knowledge in Plato's Phaedrus New Haven : Yale University Press.

Plato. 360 BCE. The Phaedo.

Bibliography on Plato's Phaedo, including primary and secondary sources, edited by Anthony F. Beavers et al.

Aristotle

Aristotle. 350 BCE. On the Soul (De Anima).

Yu, Jiyuan. 2001. The Moral Self and the Perfect Self in Aristotle and Mencius. Journal of Chinese Philosophy, 28: 235-256

Augustine

Dixon, Sandra Lee. 1999. Augustine: The scattered and gathered self.. Chalice Press.

Hartle, Ann. 1983. The Modern Self in Rousseau's Confessions: A Reply to St. Augustine. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 1983.

Matthews, Gareth B. 1992. Thought's Ego in Augustine and Descartes.. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.

O'Connell, Robert J. 1987. The Oritin of the Soul in St. Augustine's Later Works. New York: Fordham University Press.

Aquinas

Moreland, J. P. and Wallace, Stan. 1995. "Aquinas versus Locke and Descartes on the Human Person and End-of-Life Ethics," International philosophical quarterly 35 # 3: 319-

Descartes

Foster, John. 1991. The Immaterial Self: A Defense of the Cartesian Dualist Conception of the Mind. London: Routledge.

Johnstone, Albert A. 1991. "The Bodily Nature of the Self, or What Descartes Should have Conceded Princess Elizabeth of Bohemia," in Maxine Sheets-Johnstone (ed.) Giving The Body its Due . Albany: SUNY Press

Matthews, Gareth B. 1992. Thought's Ego in Augustine and Descartes.. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.

Marcos, J.P. 1998. The certainty of self, the science of cause: A reading of Descartes' Meditatio III [in Slovene]. Filozofski Vestnik - Acta Philosophica, 19, (3): 21-51.

McCann, Edwin. 1986. "Cartesian Selves and Lockean Substances," The Monist 69: 458-482.

Melehy, Hassan. 1998. Writing Cogito : Montaigne, Descartes, and the Institution of the Modern Subject (Suny Series, the Margins of Literature). Albany: State Univ of New York Press.

Moreland, J. P. and Wallace, Stan. 1995. "Aquinas versus Locke and Descartes on the Human Person and End-of-Life Ethics," International philosophical quarterly 35 # 3: 319-

Schmitter, Amy M. 1993. Descartes's Representation of the Self. Thesis (PhD)--University of Pittsburgh, 1993.

Schmitter, Amy M. 1994. "Representation, Self-Representation and the Passions in Descartes." Review of Metaphysics (Dec 94).

Wright, John P. 1996. Hume, Descartes, and the materiality of the soul, in The Philosophical Canon in the 17th and 18th centuries, edited by G. A. J. Rogers & S. Tomaselli (Rochester: University of Rochester Press).

Locke

Allison, Henry E. 1966. "Locke's Theory of Personal Identity: A Re-examination," J. History of Ideas 27: 41-58.

Brody, Baruch. 1973. "Locke on the Identity of Persons," American Philosophical Quarterly 9 (4):327-334

Chandler, Hugh. 1969. "Shoemaker's Arguments Against Locke," Philosophical Quarterly 19 (76)

Locke, John. 1690. An Essay Concerning Human Understanding
See especially Locke's Chapter on Identity and Diversity, and the section on Personal Identity: Book 2, Chapter 27.

McCann, Edwin. 1986. "Cartesian Selves and Lockean Substances," The Monist 69: 458-482.

McCann, Edwin. 1987. "Locke on Identity: Matter, Life, and Consciousness," Archiv fuer Geschichte der Philosophie 69: 54-77. Reprinted in Vere Chappell, ed. Essays on Early Modern Philosophers Vol. 8: John Locke: Theory of Knowledge (New York: Garland, 1992).

McCann, Edwin. 1994. "Locke's Philosophy of Body" a chapter in The Cambridge Companion to Locke ed. Vere Chappell (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), pp. 56-88.

Moreland, J. P. and Wallace, Stan. 1995. "Aquinas versus Locke and Descartes on the Human Person and End-of-Life Ethics," International philosophical quarterly 35 # 3: 319-

Rovane, C. 1993. "Self-Reference: The Radicalization of Locke." Journal of Philosophy, 90, (2): 73-97.

Stewart. 1997. "Reid on Locke and Personal Identity: Some Lost Sources." Locke Newsletter, 28 : 105-116.

Tipton, I. C. (ed). 1977. Locke on human understanding: selected essays. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Wedeking, Gary. 1990. "Locke on Personal Identity and the Trinity Controversy of the 1690s." Dialogue. 29, (2): 163-

Wedeking, Gary. 1987. "Locke's Metaphysics of Personal Identity." History of Philosophy Quarterly. 4 (1): 17-

Spinoza

Lloyd, Genevieve. 1994. Part of Nature: Self-knowledge in Spinoza's Ethics. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.

Leibniz

Baumgarten, H.U. 1996. "Motion as self-action: Reflections on the theory of monads in Leibniz" [in German]. Philosophisches Jahrbuch, 103, (2): 355-65.

Leibniz, G. W. 1949. New Essays Concerning Human Understanding . trans. Langley. LaSalle, IL: Open Court Press; see especially Book II, Ch. 27.

Butler

Butler, Joseph. 1902. The analogy of religion, natural and revealed, to the constitution and course of nature: to which are added two brief dissertations, On personal identity and On the nature of virtue, and fifteen sermons . London: G. Bell.

Butler, Joseph. 1900. "Of Personal Identity," The Works of Bishop Butler , Vol. II, ed. J. H. Bernard. London. Reprinted in A. Flew (ed.) Body, Mind, and Death . New York: Macmillan, 1964; and in John Perry (ed.) Personal Identity . Berkeley: University of California Press, 1975.

Butler, Joseph. 1857. The analogy of religion, to the constitution and course of nature. To which are added two brief dissertations: I. On personal identity.--II. On the nature of virtue . With an introduction, notes, conspectus, and ample index, by Howard Malcolm. 22d ed. Phildelphia, J. R. Lippincott & Co.

Berkeley

Najm, Sami. 1966. "Knowledge of the Self in Berkeley's Philosophy." International Philosophical Quarterly, 6.

Najm, Sami. 1968. "Knowledge of Other Selves in Berkeley's Philosophy." The Personalist, 49, no.3.

Hume

Ainslie, Donald. 1999. "Scepticism about Persons in Book II of Hume's Treatise," Journal of the History of Philosophy 37: 469-492.

Beck, G. 1996. "From Kant to Hegel -- Johann Gottlieb Fichte's theory of self-consciousness." History of European Ideas, 22, 4 (July 1996): 275-94.

Biro, John. 1976. Hume on memory and self-identity, Review of Metaphysics

Brooks, D. H. M. 1985. Strawson, Hume, and the Unity of Consciousness, Mind, 94: 583-586.

Deleuze, Gilles. 1953. Empirisme et subjectivite: essay sur la nature humaine selon Hume . Paris: Presses universitaires de France

Gallagher, Shaun . 1992. "The Theater of Personal Identity: From Hume to Derrida," The Personalist Forum 8 (1992) 21-30.

Giles, James. 1993. "The No-Self Theory: Hume, Buddhism, and Personal Identity," Philosophy East &West XLIII # 2: 175-

Green., Michael J. 1999. "The Idea of a Momentary Self and Hume's Theory of Personal Identity." British Journal for the History of Philosophy, 7, (1): 103-122.

Mafune, Eri. 1994. "On Hume's labyrinth of personal identity" (In Japanese). Ochanomizu Joshi Daigaku jimbun kagaku kiyo 47: 1-

McIntyre, Jane. 1993. "Hume's Underground Self." In Stanley Tweyman, ed., Studies in Early Modern Philosophy, vol. III (Delmar, NY: Caravan Books): 110-26.

Pears, David. 1993 "Hume on Personal Identity."Hume Studies 19 # 2: 289-<p>

Pears, D. F. 1963. "Hume on Personal Identity," in D. F. Pears (ed). David Hume: A Symposium . London: Macmillan.

Penelhum, Terence. 1957. "Hume on Personal Identity," Philosophical Review.

Pitson, A. E. 2002. Hume's Philosophy of the Self. London: Routledge.

Purviance, Susan M. 1997. "The Moral Self and the Indirect Passions." Hume Studies, 23, (2): 195-212.

Rorty, Amelie Oksenburg. 1990. 'Pride Produces the Idea of Self': Hume on Moral Agency. The Australasian Journal of Philosophy 68, 3 (SEP 1 90): 255.

Roth, Robert J. 1990. "Hume and James on Personal Identity." American Catholic Philosophical Quarterly. 64, (2): 233-

Safford, Betty Caldwell. 1976. The Concept of Self in Hume's Treatise.Thesis (PhD)--Claremont Graduate School, 1976.

Stern, Cindy Debra. 1987. "Hume and the Self at a Moment." History of Philosophy Quarterly 4 (87): 217-233.

Stevenson, G. P. 1998. Humean self-consciousness explained. Hume Studies, 24 (1): 95-129.

Swain, Corliss-Gayda. 1991. Being Sure of One's Self: Hume on Personal Identity. Hume Studies,16: 107-124.

Winkler, K. 2000. All is Revolution in Us': Personal Identity in Shaftesbury and Hume, Hume Studies, 26:3-40.

Wright, John P. 1996. Hume, Descartes, and the materiality of the soul, in The Philosophical Canon in the 17th and 18th centuries, edited by G. A. J. Rogers & S. Tomaselli (Rochester: University of Rochester Press).

Yang, Xiaomei. 1998. "Hume's View on Personal Identity: Scepticism or Nonscepticism?" History of Philosophy Quarterly, 15, (1): 3-56.

Zheng, Y. 1997. On Hume's theory of the self. Southwest Philosophical Studies, 19: 100-105.

Reid

Gallie, Roger D. 1998. Thomas Reid: Ethics, Aesthetics and the Anatomy of the Self . Kluwer.

Reid, Thomas. 1785. Essays on the Intellectual Powers of Man . Edinburgh. Ed. A. D. Woozley. London: Macmillan, 1941; Especially Essay III; Chs. 4 and 6.

Stewart. 1997. "Reid on Locke and Personal Identity: Some Lost Sources." Locke Newsletter, 28 : 105-116.

Kant

Brook, Andrew. 2004. Kant's View of the Mind and Consciousness of Self. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Edward N. Zalta (ed.).

Keller, Pierre. 1998. Kant and the demands of self-consciousness. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Keller, Pierre. 1994. "Personal Identity and Kant's Third Person Perspective." Idealistic studies 24 # 2: 123-

Kitcher, Patricia. 1984. "Kant's Real Self," in Allen W. Wood (ed). 1984. Self and Nature in Kant's Philosophy . Ithaca: Cornell University Press, pp. 113-47.

Kitcher, Patricia. 1982. Kant on self-identity. Philosophical Review, 91.

Kitcher, Patricia. 1982. Kant's Paralogisms. Philosophical Review, 91.

Kitcher, Patricia. 1978. The crucial relatin in personal identity. Canadian Journal of Philosophy, 8.

Powell, C. T. 1990. Kant's Theory of Self-Consciousness . Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Rosenberg, J. E. 1986. 'I think': Some reflections on Kant's paralogisms. Midwest Studies in Philosophy, 10: 503-530.

Thandeka. 1992. "Schleiermacher's Dialektik: The Discovery of the Self That Kant Lost." Harvard Theological Review, 85. (4): 433-52.

Vogel, J. 1993. "The Problem of Self-Knowledge in Kant's Refutation of Idealism: Two Recent Views." Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 53, (4): 875-92.

Walsh, W. H. 1982. Self-knowledge. In R. C. S. Walker (ed). Kant on Pure Reason (pp. 150-75). Oxford.

Wood, Allen W. (ed). 1984. Self and Nature in Kant's Philosophy . Ithaca: Cornell University Press.

Fichte

Breazeale, Daniel. 1995. "Check or checkmate? On the finitude of the Fichtean Self," in Karl Ameriks and Dieter Sturma (eds), The Modern Subject: Conceptions of the Self in Classical German Philosophy . Albany: SUNY Press, pp. 87-114.

Herbert, G.B. 1998. "Fichte's deduction of rights from self-consciousness." Interpretation: A Journal of Political Philosophy, 25, (2): 201-48.

Janaway, C. 1989. Self and World in Schopenhauer's Philosophy . Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Kenkel, Karen. 1993. "The Personal and the Philosophical in Fichte's Theory of Sexual Difference." in Impure Reason: Dialectic of Enlightenment in Germany . W. David Wilson and Robert C. Holub, eds. Detroit: Wayne State University Press.

Neuhouser, Frederick. 1990. Fichte's Theory of Subjectivity . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries

Barresi, John and Martin, Raymond. 2001. Self-concern from Priestley to Hazlitt.

Ditz, T.L. 1994. "Shipwrecked - Or, Masculinity Imperiled - Mercantile Representations of Failure and the Gendered Self in 18th-Century Philadelphia." Journal of American History, 81, (1): 51-80.

Dwyer, J. 1991. "Enlightened Spectators and Classical Moralists - The Self, Society, and Philosophy - Sympathetic Relations in 19th-Century Scotland" Eighteenth Century Life, 15, (1-2): 96-

Edmiston, William F. 1993. "'Continuez, je ne dors pas encore': Narrative Self-Consciousness in Diderot's l'Oiseau blanc." Diderot Studies, 25: 49-62.

Fabricant, Carole. 1997. "Defining the self and others: Pope and 18th-century gender ideology." Criticism, 39, (4): 503-30.

Hartle, Ann. 1983. The Modern Self in Rousseau's Confessions: A Reply to St. Augustine. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 1983.

Kuhn, Bernhard. 1997. "Natural History and the History of Self: Botany, Geology, and Autobiography in the Works of Goethe and Rousseau." Colloquium Helveticum, 25.

Martin, R. and John Barresi. 1999. Naturalization of the soul: self and personal identity in eighteenth century Britain and the birth of modern psychology . London: Routledge.

Martin, Raymond; John Barresi, & Alessandro Giovannelli. 1998. "Fission Examples in the Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Century Personal Identity Debate." History of Philsophy Quarterly, 15, (3): 323-48.

Melehy, Hassan. 1998. Writing Cogito : Montaigne, Descartes, and the Institution of the Modern Subject (Suny Series, the Margins of Literature). Albany: State Univ of New York Press.

Mitchell, Harvey. 1993. "Reclaiming the Self: The Pascal-Rousseau Connection." Journal of the History of Ideas, 54, (4): 637-58.

O'Hagen, Timothy. 1997. Jean-Jacques Rousseau and the Sources of the Self Brookfield VT: Ashgate. (Avebury Series).

Pratt, V., & I Brook. 1996. "Goethe's archetype and the romantic concept of the self." Studies in History and Philosophy of Science, 27, (3): 351-66.

Rompp, G. 1996. "Dignity and self-awareness: Theoretical aspects of self-awareness in Schiller's philosophy of beauty" [in German]. Philosophische Jahrbuch, 103, (2): 248-67.

Strickland, Stuart Walker. 1998. "The Ideology of Self-Knowledge and the Practice of Self-Experimentation." Eighteenth-Century Studies, 31, (4): 453-71.

Hegel

Durr, Volker. 1987. "Personal Identity and The Idea of the Novel: Hegel in Rilke." Comparative Literature. 39: 97-

O'Donohue, John and Anselm Kyongsuk Min. 1995. "Person als Vermittlung: Die Dialektik von Individualität und Allgemeinheit in Hegels Phänomenologie des Geistes," The Journal of religion 75 # 3: 427-

Russon, John Edward. 1997. The Self and Its Body in Hegel's Phenomenology of Spirit . (Toronto Studies in Philosophy). Toronto: University of Toronto Press.

Taylor, Mark C. 2000. Journeys to selfhood: Hegel and Kierkegaard. New York: Fordham University Press.

Kierkegaard

Come, Arnold B. 1995. Kierkegaard As Humanist : Discovering My Self . McGill Queens University Press.

Hawi, Sami. 1999. "The Aesthetic Self in Kierkergaard:A Phenomenological Perspective", Iqbal Review. Howe, Leslie A. 1994. "Kierkegaard and the Feminine Self." in Feminist Philosophy of Religion: Special Issue. Nancy Frankenberry and Marilyn Thie, eds. Series: Hypatia: A Journal of Feminist Philosophy 9, 4. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.

Mooney, Edward F. 1996. Selves in Discord and Resolve : Kierkegaard's Moral-Religious Psychology from Either/or to Sickness Unto Death . London: Routledge

Pattison, George and Steven Shakespeare. 1998. Kierkegaard: The self in society. Macmillan, UK and St. Martin's.

Pike, Nelson. 1957. "Hume's Bundle Theory of the Self," American Philosophical Quarterly .

Smith, Joseph H. 1981. Kierkegaard's Truth : The Disclosure of the Self . New Haven: Yale University Press.

Taylor, Mark C. 2000. Journeys to selfhood: Hegel and Kierkegaard. New York: Fordham University Press.

Nietzsche

Brogan, Walter. 1991. "The Decentered Self: Nietzsche's Transgression of Metaphysical Subjectivity." Southern Journal of Philosophy.

Hough, Sheridan. 1997. Nietzsche's Noontide Friend : The Self As Metaphoric Double (Literature and Philosophy). State College: Pennsylvania State University Press.

James and American Pragmatism

Gale, Richard M. 1999. The divided self of William James. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Hanson, Karen. 1993. "American Philosophy Continued: Peirce's Puzzles about the Self." in Pursuits of Reason: Essays in Honor of Stanley Cavell. Stanley Cavell, Ted Cohen, Paul Guyer, and Hilary Putnam, eds. Lubbock, TX: Texas Tech University Press.

James, William. 1890. The principles of psychology . New York: Dover Publications, 1950, c1918; see especially Chapter X.

Kegley, Jacquelyn Ann K. 1981. "Josiah Royce on Self and Community." in Person and Community in American Philosophy. Konstantin Kolenda and Jacquelyn Ann K. Kegley, eds. Rice University Studies; 66, 4. Houston: William Marsh Rice University.

Kegley, Jacquelyn and Ann K. Konstantin Kolenda, eds. 1981. Person and Community in American Philosophy. Series: Rice University Studies; 66, 4. Houston: William Marsh Rice University.

Markova, Ivana. 1990. "The Development of Self-Consciousness: Baldwin, Mead and Vygotsky." in Reconsidering Psychology: Perspectives from Continental Philosophy. James E. Faulconer and Richard N. Williams, eds. Pittsburgh, PA: Duquesne University Press.

Roth, Robert J. 1990. "Hume and James on Personal Identity." American Catholic Philosophical Quarterly. 64, (2): 233-

Husserl, phenomenology, existentialism

Carr, David. 1999. The Paradox of subjectivity: the self in the transcendental tradition. Oxford.

Kaplan, Laura Duhan. 1987. "Ambiguity of Time, Self, and Philosophical Explanation in Merleau-Ponty, Husserl and Hume." Auslegung 13, 2 (87): 126-138.

Mensch, James Richard. 1997. After Modernity : Husserlian Reflections on a Philosophical Tradition . Albany: SUNY Press. Includes "Huserl's Concept of the Self," and "The Splitting the Self."

Morris, Phyllis Sutton. 1976. Sartre's concept of a person : an analytic approach. Amherst : University of Massachusetts Press, c1975.

Mui, Constance. 1991. Against Cartesian Dualism: Strawson and Sartre on the Unity of Person, Southwest Philosophy Review: 35-45.

O'Malley, John B. 1966. The fellowship of being : an essay on the concept of person in the Philosophy of Gabriel Marcel . The Hague: Nijhoff.

Sanborn, Patricia F. 1965. Gabriel Marcel's Conception of the Self. Thesis (PhD)--Columbia University, 1965.

Schneck, Stephen Frederick. 1987. Person and polis: Max Scheler's personalism as political theory Albany: State University of New York Press

Spader, Peter. 1995. "Max Scheler's Practical Ethics and the Model Person," American Catholic philosophical quarterly 69: 63-

Wittgenstein

Garrett, Brian. 1995. "Wittgenstein and the First Person," Australasian journal of philosophy 73 # 3: 347-

Hurst, Elaine Lancia. 1976. Wittgenstein's Concept of "person:" A Developmental and Critical Study. Thesis--Fordham University,

Strawson

Brooks, D. H. M. 1985. Strawson, Hume, and the Unity of Consciousness, Mind, 94: 583-586.

Campbell, Scott. 2000. Strawson, Parfit and Impersonality. Canadian Journal of Philosophy, 30(2): 207-224.

Fitzpatrick, Joseph. 1984. Strawson and Lonergan on 'Person', Method, 2:36-41.

Shoemaker

Chandler, Hugh. 1969. "Shoemaker's Arguments Against Locke," Philosophical Quarterly 19 (76)

General and miscellaneous

Ameriks, Karl and Sturma, Dieter. 1995. The Modern Subject: Conceptions of the Self in Classical German Philosophy . Albany: SUNY Press.

Baumeister, R. 1987. How the self became a problem: A psychological review of historical research. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52: 163-176.

Crabbe, M. James C. 1999. From Soul to Self. London: Routledge.

Hales, S. 1985. The inadvertent rediscovery of the self in social psychology. Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour, 15: 237-282.

Howe, Daniel Walker. 1997. Making The American Self: Jonathan Edwards to Abraham Lincoln. . Harvard University Press (Studies in Cultural History, 9). ISBN 0-674-16555-1

Klemm, David E. and Gunter Zoller (eds). 1997. Figuring the Self: Subject, Absolute, and Others in Classical German Philosophy . Albany: SUNY Press.

Solomon, Robert C. 1988. Continental Philosophy Since 1750: The Rise and Fall of the Self (History of Western Philosophy, No 7). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Thorn, Judith. 1997. The Lived Horizon of My Being : The Substantiation of the Self & the Discourse of Resistance in Rigoberta Menchu, Mm Bakhtin and Victor Montejo . Arizona State University Center for Latin.

Van der Eycken, W., & R. Van Deth. 1993. "Miraculous Maids, Self Starvation, and Fasting Girls: Precursors of Anorexia Nervosa in Early Modern England." History Today, 43: 37-42.

Viney, L. 1969. Self: The history of a concept. Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences, 5: 349-359.

Vogel, Cornelia Johanna de. 1963. "The Concept of Personality in Greek and Christian Thought." Studies in Philosophy and the History of Philosophy 2 (63): 20-60.

Wilson, Robert A. 1997. Cartesian Psychology and Physical Minds: Individualism and the Science of the Mind (Cambridge Studies in Philosophy). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Wintroub, M.1997. The looking-glass of facts: Collecting, rhetoric, and the self in the experimental natural philosophy of Robert Boyle. History of Science, 35, 108, (2): 189-218.


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  • Philosophy of Mind/Cognitive Psychology/Cognitive Science
  • Pathologies of the Self
  • Embodiment, Self, and Personal Identity
  • Developmental Theories of Self
  • Social Construction of the Self
  • Narrative Theories of Personal Identity
  • Feminist Theories/Gender Studies of Self Identity
  • Person and Self in Ethics/Politics/Law
  • Historical Studies: Text and Commentaries (Locke, Hume, etc.)
  • Medical Issues and the Person
  • Personalism